Discussion: Healthcare Information Technology and Its Impact

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Discussion: Healthcare Information Technology and Its Impact

Question Description
I need help with a Nursing question. All explanations and answers will be used to help me learn.

Literature Review: The Use of Clinical Systems to Improve Outcomes and Efficiencies

New technology—and the application of existing technology—only appears in healthcare settings after careful and significant research. The stakes are high, and new clinical systems need to offer evidence of positive impact on outcomes or efficiencies.

Nurse informaticists and healthcare leaders formulate clinical system strategies. As these strategies are often based on technology trends, informaticists and others have then benefited from consulting existing research to inform their thinking.

In this Assignment, you will review existing research focused on the application of clinical systems. After reviewing, you will summarize your findings.

To Prepare:

Review the Resources and reflect on the impact of clinical systems on outcomes and efficiencies within the context of nursing practice and healthcare delivery.
Conduct a search for recent (within the last 5 years) research focused on the application of clinical systems. The research should provide evidence to support the use of one type of clinical system to improve outcomes and/or efficiencies, such as “the use of personal health records or portals to support patients newly diagnosed with diabetes.”
Identify and select 5 peer-reviewed articles from your research.
The Assignment: (4-5 pages)

In a 4- to 5-page paper, synthesize the peer-reviewed research you reviewed. Be sure to address the following:

Identify the 5 peer-reviewed articles you reviewed, citing each in APA format.
Summarize each study, explaining the improvement to outcomes, efficiencies, and lessons learned from the application of the clinical system each peer-reviewed article described. Be specific and provide examples.

You must proofread your paper. But do not strictly rely on your computer’s spell-checker and grammar-checker; failure to do so indicates a lack of effort on your part and you can expect your grade to suffer accordingly. Papers with numerous misspelled words and grammatical mistakes will be penalized. Read over your paper – in silence and then aloud – before handing it in and make corrections as necessary. Often it is advantageous to have a friend proofread your paper for obvious errors. Handwritten corrections are preferable to uncorrected mistakes.

Use a standard 10 to 12 point (10 to 12 characters per inch) typeface. Smaller or compressed type and papers with small margins or single-spacing are hard to read. It is better to let your essay run over the recommended number of pages than to try to compress it into fewer pages.

Likewise, large type, large margins, large indentations, triple-spacing, increased leading (space between lines), increased kerning (space between letters), and any other such attempts at “padding” to increase the length of a paper are unacceptable, wasteful of trees, and will not fool your professor.

The paper must be neatly formatted, double-spaced with a one-inch margin on the top, bottom, and sides of each page. When submitting hard copy, be sure to use white paper and print out using dark ink. If it is hard to read your essay, it will also be hard to follow your argument.

Annotated Bibliography

Lewing, B. D., Hatfield, M. D., & Sansgiry, S. S. (2018). Impact of computerized provider order entry systems on hospital staff pharmacist workflow productivity: a three site comparative analysis based on level of CPOE implementation. Journal of Hospital Administration, 7(1)..

The above study aimed at investigating the effect of computerized provider entry systems on the workflow productivity of staff pharmacists working in three hospitals in Houston, Texas. The research design used was an observational, prospective time as well as motion study. The sample consisted of pharmacists in three hospitals who were observed for one hour three block undertaking 38 different activities. The work categories the pharmacists were observed while undertaking them included distribution, clinical, miscellaneous, and administrative activities. The data obtained from the three hospitals was compared using descriptive as well as comparative analyses using ANOVA and Post-hoc Turkey’s range test.

The outcomes that were investigated in the study included workflow and productivity of the pharmacists while undertaking different tasks. The study also investigated the use of CPOE on time allotment and the comparison of the observed differences in time spent in the implementation of the CPOE system. The results of the study revealed that the use of CPOE the time that the pharmacists spent in implementing short and long-term CPOE activities was shorter when compared to that they utilized in implementing non-CPOE activities. It was therefore concluded that the use of CPOE can improve the work flow and productivity of the pharmacists in clinical settings. It also reduces the time that they spent in engaging in different activities in their settings.

This article has shown the effectiveness of CPOE in reducing the time that healthcare providers spent in engaging in their professional activities in the clinical settings. It has revealed that effective implementation of the CPOE systems can result in easy allocation of tasks and tracking of workflow in an institution of healthcare. Therefore, institutions that aim at improving productivity and efficiency in their operations should adopt the use of the CPOE system. Improved productivity and workflow translates into other outcomes such as enhanced quality, safety, and cost-effectiveness of care.

Okumura, L. M., Veroneze, I., Bugardt, C. I., & Fragoso, M. F. (2016). Effects of a computerized provider order entry and a clinical decision support system to improve cefazolin use in surgical prophylaxis: a cost saving analysis. Pharmacy Practice (Granada), 14(3), 0-0.

The above study investigated the effects of using computerized provider order entry as well as clinical decision support system to enhance cost saving in the use of cefazolin in surgical units in Brazil. The study was before and after study design. The data on the prophylactic use of cefazolin was compared before and after the implementation of the CPOE and CDSS implementation. The authors believed that the comparative data would enable the accurate determination of the effectiveness of use of these systems. Data analysis was performed on 12-year data on cefazolin use. The 12-year data comprised of the first three years before CPOE and CDSS implementation while the remaining nine years was after the implementation of these systems. The obtained data was analyzed using Spearman rho on-parametric test to determine the use of cefazolin over the period of data collection.

The outcomes that were under investigation in the research included cefazolin use, product cost, and crude cost. The cefazolin use was defined by daily doses/100 bed-days. Product and crude costs were also defined by cefazolin use per 100 bed-days. The authors hypothesized that the implementation of the CPOE and CDSS systems will result in a net reduction in cefazolin prophylaxis use and overall costs incurred in health organizations. The outcomes of the research showed that the implementation of the CPOE and CDSS resulted in a reduction in cefazolin prophylaxis use from 6.31 DDD/100 bed-days in 2002 to 2.15 DDD/100 bed-days in 2014. The analysis also revealed that a lack of implementation of CPOE and CDSS in 2002 would have increased the costs incurred in the prophylactic use of cefazolin from $ 44, 722.99 to $116998.07.

The results from this study reveals that effective implementation of CPOE system has significant organizational benefits. It reduces resource wastage by increasing the utilization of evidence-based decisions in the provision of care. The system also promotes cost-efficiency in the organization. It is also evident from the research that optimum outcomes with CPOE system use can be achieved when combined with other systems such as CDSS. Therefore, health organizations should implement CPOE systems as a way of reducing wastage and cutting their operational costs.

Bucher, B. T., Ferraro, J. P., Finlayson, S. R., Chapman, W. W., & Gundlapalli, A. V. (2019). Use of computerized provider order entry events for postoperative complication surveillance. JAMA surgery, 154(4), 311-318.

The above study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of CPOE entry events in identifying post-operative complications. The researchers focused on determining the rates of post-operative complications that were identified with the use of CPOE when compared to the use of manual medical review. Cohort study design was used to achieve the objectives of the study. The researchers reviewed 21775 medical records for patients who had undergone surgical procedures at the University of Utah from 2007 to 2017. The data on the sensitivity of the CPOE system in the detection of the complications was analyzed using the logistic regression model. The CPOE-based surveillance system was used to validate the developed models for the identified post-operative complications.

The main outcome of the study was post-operative occurrences of complications. The complications included deep surgical site infection, superficial surgical site infection, organ space surgical site infection, pneumonia, sepsis, urinary tract infection, deep vein thrombosis, septic shock, and pulmonary embolism. The analysis of the obtained data revealed that the sensitivity of the CPOE events in detecting patients who experienced one or more complications was 74.8%, specificity of 86.8%, negative predictive value of 97.55%, and positive predictive value of 33.8%. The use of CPOE events also diminished the burden of manual review of records by 55.4% to 90.3%.

ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CLASS

Discussion Questions (DQ)

Initial responses to the DQ should address all components of the questions asked, include a minimum of one scholarly source, and be at least 250 words.
Successful responses are substantive (i.e., add something new to the discussion, engage others in the discussion, well-developed idea) and include at least one scholarly source.
One or two sentence responses, simple statements of agreement or “good post,” and responses that are off-topic will not count as substantive. Substantive responses should be at least 150 words.
I encourage you to incorporate the readings from the week (as applicable) into your responses.
Weekly Participation

Your initial responses to the mandatory DQ do not count toward participation and are graded separately.
In addition to the DQ responses, you must post at least one reply to peers (or me) on three separate days, for a total of three replies.
Participation posts do not require a scholarly source/citation (unless you cite someone else’s work).
Part of your weekly participation includes viewing the weekly announcement and attesting to watching it in the comments. These announcements are made to ensure you understand everything that is due during the week.
APA Format and Writing Quality

Familiarize yourself with APA format and practice using it correctly. It is used for most writing assignments for your degree. Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for APA paper templates, citation examples, tips, etc. Points will be deducted for poor use of APA format or absence of APA format (if required).
Cite all sources of information! When in doubt, cite the source. Paraphrasing also requires a citation.
I highly recommend using the APA Publication Manual, 6th edition.
Use of Direct Quotes

I discourage overutilization of direct quotes in DQs and assignments at the Masters’ level and deduct points accordingly.
As Masters’ level students, it is important that you be able to critically analyze and interpret information from journal articles and other resources. Simply restating someone else’s words does not demonstrate an understanding of the content or critical analysis of the content.
It is best to paraphrase content and cite your source.
LopesWrite Policy

For assignments that need to be submitted to LopesWrite, please be sure you have received your report and Similarity Index (SI) percentage BEFORE you do a “final submit” to me.
Once you have received your report, please review it. This report will show you grammatical, punctuation, and spelling errors that can easily be fixed. Take the extra few minutes to review instead of getting counted off for these mistakes.
Review your similarities. Did you forget to cite something? Did you not paraphrase well enough? Is your paper made up of someone else’s thoughts more than your own?
Visit the Writing Center in the Student Success Center, under the Resources tab in LoudCloud for tips on improving your paper and SI score.
Late Policy

The university’s policy on late assignments is 10% penalty PER DAY LATE. This also applies to late DQ replies.
Please communicate with me if you anticipate having to submit an assignment late. I am happy to be flexible, with advance notice. We may be able to work out an extension based on extenuating circumstances.
If you do not communicate with me before submitting an assignment late, the GCU late policy will be in effect.
I do not accept assignments that are two or more weeks late unless we have worked out an extension.
As per policy, no assignments are accepted after the last day of class. Any assignment submitted after midnight on the last day of class will not be accepted for grading.
Communication

Communication is so very important. There are multiple ways to communicate with me:
Questions to Instructor Forum: This is a great place to ask course content or assignment questions. If you have a question, there is a good chance one of your peers does as well. This is a public forum for the class.
Individual Forum: This is a private forum to ask me questions or send me messages. This will be checked at least once every 24 hours.