NRS 429 Topic 4 Health Promotion in Minority Populations

NRS 429 Topic 4 Health Promotion in Minority Populations

NRS 429 Topic 4 Health Promotion in Minority Populations

https://nursingmill.blog/nrs-429-topic-4-health-promotion-in-minority-populations/

The American healthcare system is faced with the great challenge of inequality which displays a disproportionate impact on marginalized communities, including people of color (Boyd et al., 2020). Such inequalities are the reason behind the gaps in the acquisition of health insurance coverage, leading to uneven access to care services and poor health outcomes among the minority populations. Additionally, studies show that African Americans are significantly impacted by these inequalities contributing to the high prevalence of chronic conditions such as hypertension and diabetes, in addition to the increased mortality rates among this minority population. This discussion provides an analysis of the health status of African Americans, as part of the minority population, in comparison to the national average.

Health Status of African Americans

African Americans make up approximately 13.4% of the United States population. The current health status of black Americans displays an increased prevalence of chronic conditions such as hypertension, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, sexually transmitted infections, and diabetes as compared to whites. Increased morbidity and mortality rates among African Americans have been associated with several economic and social factors.

For instance, studies show that African Americans have a more likelihood of not seeing a doctor when they are sick, as a result of high healthcare costs (Yearby, 2018). Despite the significant advances in the current healthcare system in the U.S., there is still evidence reporting that racial and ethnic minorities such as black Americans still receive a lower quality of care services leading to poor health outcomes as compared to the whites. As of 2019 August, it was reported that approximately 68 million people had been covered by the Medicaid program, with black Americans accounting for 20%. Given that most black Americans have lower social and economic status, they tend to be poorer than other demographic groups, hence making it harder for them to enroll in health insurance programs like Medicaid.

Health Disparities

The death rate among African Americans has declined by about 25% over the past 17 years precisely for populations above the age of 65 years, as reported by the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). However, studies also show that young African Americans have a higher probability of dying at an early age as a result of increased risks for stroke, heart disease, cancer, pneumonia, diabetes, and HIV/AIDs among other conditions, as compared to their white counterparts. Social factors common among this minority group contributing to the above-mentioned health disparities include unemployment, smoking, alcoholism, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and poverty among others (Bell et al., 2020).

Consequently, this group of individuals is also faced with nutritional challenges such as unfavorable nutritional environments, food deserts, food swamps, and food insecurities. For instance, black Americans are associated with poverty and a low level of education, which makes it hard for them to access quality and healthy foods as compared to the economically rich racial majorities. They end up consuming fast foods, among other unhealthy foods, which increases their risk of cardiovascular conditions and obesity.

NRS 429 Topic 4 Health Promotion in Minority Populations

Barriers to Health

            Various barriers to the accessibility of quality health care services have been identified for the African American population. Predominating barriers include decreased understanding of care plans, inability to pay for care services, lack of transportation to care facility, and the inability of incorporating the recommended health care plans into their routine daily living pattern. These barriers are associated with several cultural, educational, socio-political, and socioeconomic factors.

For instance, cultural beliefs among African Americans promoting unhealthy eating habits and sedentary lifestyle, in addition to failure to follow up on routine screening, negatively affects their overall health and utilization of healthcare services irrespective of their social or financial status (Lewis & Dyke, 2018). Consequently, the low socio-economic status among African Americans in terms of low income, unemployment, low education level, and occupation status is also a significant inhibitory factor towards accessibility to quality healthcare services. Lastly, as part of the minorities, blacks in the U.S have limited political influence towards the development of appropriate policies such as the “Obama Care,” to promote their access to quality care services.

Health Promotion Activities

With regard to the numerous health disparities affecting African Americans, several health promotion activities have been proposed over the years to help promote the health and well-being of this minority group. The self-help initiative was introduced among African Americans to promote taking personal responsibility for their health and improving their quality of life. Self-help health promotion practices among black Americans include routine screening for predominating health conditions, physical exercise, healthy diet plans, adoption of recommended care plans, and disease prevention practices at home (Fletcher et al., 2018). Consequently, for the religious members of the community, faith-basedorganizationslike churches have promoted structural health promotion activities including education, health fairs, and smoking cessation among others.

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Approach for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

            One of the most effective approaches that can be utilized by African Americans in promoting their health as part of the care plan is the adoption of Pender’s health promotion model. According to the CDC, black Americans are at high risk of chronic diseases, with cardiovascular diseases being the leading cause of death among this group of individuals.

Health promotion practices focusing on lifestyle modification have displayed great significance in reducing the risks of cardiovascular diseases. Pender’s health promotion model, on the other hand, provides a foundation promoting the examination of the background influences of this minority population, in line with the health promotion practices that can lead to a healthy lifestyle (Fletcher et al., 2018). At the primary level, this model encourages regular exercise and a healthy diet to prevent chronic diseases and promote healthy living. At the secondary level, the model promotes routing screening for hypertension, diabetes, and cancer among other common diseases. Lastly, at the tertiary level, the model promotes education programs and rehabilitation among the affected individuals.

Cultural Beliefs and Practices

Other than social and economic factors, several cultural factors among black Americans must be considered when developing the most effective care plan. Some of such cultural beliefs include lack of trust in complementary medicine, misconceptions about immunization, and strong religious beliefs against organ donation among other medical procedures. With the theory of cultural humility, clinicians can now come up with flexible care plans, while still upholding the patients’ cultural values and beliefs (Boyd et al., 2020). This theory is based on the importance of preventing cultural discrimination and promoting the equal provision of care to the culturally diverse population.

Conclusion

Health promotion practices are crucial among the general population in disease prevention and improved quality of life. Minority populations such as African Americans, are faced with numerous health disparities as compared to the whites, hence the need for more health promotion activities. However, when coming up with a care plan for this minority population, it is necessary to identify and respect their cultural values and beliefs to promote positive outcomes.

References

Bell, C. N., Sacks, T. K., Tobin, C. S. T., & Thorpe Jr, R. J. (2020). Racial non-equivalence of socioeconomic status and self-rated health among African Americans and Whites. SSM-population health, 10, 100561.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100561

Boyd, R. W., Lindo, E. G., Weeks, L. D., & McLemore, M. R. (2020). On racism: a new standard for publishing on racial health inequities. Health Affairs Blog, 10(10.1377). https://doi.org/10.1377/hblog20200630.939347

Fletcher, G. F., Landolfo, C., Niebauer, J., Ozemek, C., Arena, R., & Lavie, C. J. (2018). Promoting physical activity and exercise: JACC health promotion series. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 72(14), 1622-1639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.08.2141

Lewis, T. T., & Van Dyke, M. E. (2018). Discrimination and the health of African Americans: The potential importance of intersectionalities. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27(3), 176-182. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721418770442

Yearby, R. (2018). Racial disparities in health status and access to healthcare: the continuation of inequality in the United States due to structural racism. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 77(3-4), 1113-1152. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajes.12230

Topic 4 DQ 1

What are the methods a nurse can use to gather cultural information from patients? How does cultural competence relate to better patient care? Discuss the ways in which a nurse demonstrates cultural competency in nursing practice.

There are several ways in which nurses can obtain necessary cultural information from a patient. The nurse can start by establishing a rapport through therapeutic communication, engaging the patient with open-ended questions about their preferences and beliefs, and participating in active listening. An understanding of the demographic of people in the community in which they work will also help the nurse in gathering cultural information.  

Familiarizing themselves with the ethnic, racial, and socioeconomic status of the community can help the nurse to anticipate certain cultural tendencies and considerations. Cultural respect is critical to reducing health disparities. It helps improve access to high-quality health care that is respectful of and responsive to the needs of diverse patients. When developed and implemented as a framework, cultural respect enables systems, agencies, and groups of professionals to function effectively to understand the needs of groups accessing health information and health care (Cultural Respect, 2021). This proactive approach enhances the nurse’s ability to establish rapport and a meaningful connection that elicits information from the patient.

Having a broader awareness of the cultural groups they might encounter prepares the nurse for a more culturally competent approach to the assessment and care planning process. Cultural competency does not mean becoming an expert on every culture encountered, but it does mean that nurses should recognize what they do and do not know in order to provide appropriate care (Falkner, 2022). By prioritizing patient-centered care that respects and embraces diverse perspectives, nurses can motivate patients and their families to actively engage in healthy habits while also taking crucial steps to mitigate common risk factors prevalent within their community.  For example, if the community has a sizable population of older adults, the nurse can learn about cultural beliefs and traditions related to aging, end-of-life care, and intergenerational dynamics.

Cultural Respect. (2021, July 7). National Institutes of Health (NIH). https://www.nih.gov/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison/clear-communication/cultural-respect

Falkner, A. (2022) Cultural Awareness. In Grand Canyon University (Eds.), Health promotion: Health and wellness across the continuum. In Grand Canyon University (Eds.), Retrieved from https://bibliu.com/app/#/view/books/1000000000585/epub/Chapter3

What are the methods a nurse can use to gather cultural information from patients? 

As nurses we must practice with compassion and respect to everyone we care for without bias or discrimination despite the many differences we may encounter. Treating everyone with respect and empathy, while also acknowledging variances in a non-judgmental way, allows the nurse to collect cultural information to provide competent cultural care. Health care professionals can employ several different methods when gathering important cultural information from clients such as utilizing cultural assessment tools, health history questionnaires, engaging in open dialogue and active listening or keenly observing the clients body language depending on the depth and structure of the assessment being performed (Faulkner et al, 2022). 

How does cultural competence relate to better patient care?

Cultural competence allows for a deeper connection with patients and is directly linked to better patient care outcomes. A culturally competent nurse is able to provide care that aligns with the values and preferences of the client, enabling for increase patient-provider trust, leading to better communication thus greater patient adherence and satisfaction (Faulkner et al, 2022). Nurses who practice with cultural awareness, diversity and inclusivity directly combat health disparities pertaining to economic, environmental, and social disadvantages in groups of people experiencing greater obstacles to health (Deering, 2022). By understanding and truly embracing cultural differences we can fully interact, assess, and provide high quality care and create individualized patient centered plans of action.  

Discuss the ways in which a nurse demonstrates cultural competency in nursing practice.

The nurse can demonstrate cultural competency in several ways such as becoming self-aware of their own personal cultural preconceptions, as to not impose any bias when caring for others; by continuously engaging in education in diverse cultures, beliefs and disparities to implement in practice; and lastly by utilizing language interpreters or adapting communication styles to meet the needs of the patient they are working with (Faulkner et al, 2022)

Falkner, A., Green, S. Z., & Whitney, S. (2022). Health Promotion: Health & Wellness Across the Continuum. (Second Edition). Grand Canyon University.

https://bibliu.com/app/#/view/books/1000000000585/epub/Cover.html pp61

Deering J.D., M. (2022) Cultural competence in nursing, NurseJournal. https://nursejournal.org/resources/cultural-competence-in-nursing/.

NRS 429V Week 1 Discussion 2

In the assigned reading, “How to Write Learning Objectives That Meet Demanding Behavioral Criteria,” Kizlik explained that “objectives that are used in education, whether they are called learning objectives, behavioral objectives, instructional objectives, or performance objectives are terms that refer to descriptions of observable behavior or performance that are used to make judgments about learning.” How do health providers design educational programs to clearly articulate objectives to engage both patients as well as families?

According to the family systems theory, a member of a family has to change its behaviors and influence everyone in the family to follow along and change to promote health and wellness. An example is a family member with a history of obesity decides to lose weight and creates a diet plan and exercise regimen and encourages the rest of the family to join him in the journey of losing weight. Behavioral changes when an individual decides to change for the better and act on it.

The family systems theory helps in teaching behavioral changes because once a family member is involved in the plan of care and already decides to take part in the process of helping to live a better lifestyle, it is much easier to influence the rest of the family.

According to the ebookHealth Promotion: Health & Wellness Across the Continuum, variables that affect the ability to learn are race, ethnicity, immigration status, disabilities, sex/gender/sexual orientation, environmental threats, poverty, access to health care, and lack of education can be barriers that affect a patient’s ability to learn and move forward with the behavioral changes.

A patient’s readiness to learn to change their lifestyle for a better life improves the learning outcomes because once a patient understands the reasoning behind the need for the change, it is easier to change its bad habits to new habits and live a healthy lifestyle.

References

Grand Canyon University (Ed). (2018). Health promotion: Health & wellness across the continuum. Retrieved from https://lc.gcumedia.com/nrs429vn/health-promotion-health-and-wellness-across-the-continuum/v1.1/

Response

This is an outstanding response Ronald. I agree with it. Health conditions tend to emanate from intricate factors such as those advanced by social, economic, and political determinants. Health is determined by the manner in which societies are structured and how health policy agendas are influenced by the political nature in the society (Laverack, 2017). Health promotion interventions that address behavioral risks are capable of supporting policies to enhance health or uphold inequalities in a society. This is attributed to the fact that behavioral change models have insignificant impact on wider conditions that result in poor health. Therefore, any health promotion model intended to initiate behavioral changes should be adopted as a component of a winder, inclusive policy framework. Ensuring a comprehensive and multi-component health promotion model is appropriate in changing bad behaviors that can cause negative health effects (Laverack, 2017). Advancing health promotion model through a strong policy framework is crucial in giving people greater control over their lives instead of instructing them on what to do.

References

Laverack, G. (2017). The challenge of behaviour change and health promotion. Challenges, 8(2), 25.

Developing health promotion programs that helps to set up healthy lifestyle behavior requires comprehensive planning. Theories and Models both include concepts and constructs. Health theories and behavior models helps to explain why individuals and communities behave the way they do.

Theories and models both include concepts and constructs. Concepts are the primary components of a model or theory. Constructs are components that have been created for use in specific model or theory. These terms are important to understand when discussing models and theories (Glanz, Rimer, &Lewis,2002).

Theories and models helps to understand the nature and understanding of the patients. In Tran theoretical model describes the process of how the behavior of individual changes, there are various factors that influence the behavior of patient.

These model includes five stages (Glanz, Rimer, &Lewis,2002;NCI, 2005)

Pre contemplation– In this stage the individual has no intention to change behavior within the next six months.

Contemplation- In this stage, an individual is considering a behavior change within the next six months.

Preparation– In this stage the individual takes some steps towards making a change doing so within the next 30 days.

Action– An individual reaches this stage once he/she has made a apparent behavior change and doing within next 30 days.

Maintenance– If behavior change last more than 6 months then moves in the final stage of maintenance.

Barriers that affect the patient’s ability to learn can be language, culture, beliefs, educational level of the patients, before set up the the plan for educating the patients nurse should assess the patient’s ability to learn and obstacles in the patient learning that can be face by the nurse.

Readiness to learn refers how patients in participating in the behavior change, patient should be ready physically, psychologically and cognitively engage in learning. Health status of the patient really affect the readiness to learn, in this patient is in pain or feeling weakness or fatigue may affect the readiness to learn. Nurse should always assess the learning style of the patient, patient’s environment such as loud noises, educational level, Nurse should always use the words as a Layman can understand, should avoid medical terms as much as possible.

Reference

Glanz, K., B. Rimer, ,& F. Lewis. (2002). Health behavior and health education. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. National Cancer Institute (2005). Theory at a glance guide for health promotion practice.

The U.S. is a land of diverse cultural backgrounds and heritage with many different types of people based on their racial composition, beliefs, social statuses and views. The minority races are projected to become the majority in the next twenty years based on figures from federal agencies. As such, the increased diversity implies that healthcare providers and organizations must develop strategies focused on health promotion to reduce the overall healthcare cost in the country (Velasco-Mondragon et al., 2017). The diverse minorities have different cultural perspectives that affect accessibility, affordability, and quality of care provided. Therefore, health promotion can help minority populations lower cost of care and increase accessibility. As such, the paper compares and contrasts the health status of the Hispanic American population to the national average by looking at different components that define health and related services.

Nutrition plays a central role in health promotion due to its significant impact on overall well-being and disease prevention. A balanced and adequate diet provides essential nutrients necessary for optimal growth, development, and functioning of the body. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2020), showed that poor nutrition is a leading risk factor for various chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, obesity, and diabetes. In contrast, a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats has been associated with a reduced risk of these conditions. Also, nutrition affects mental health, as certain nutrients play a crucial role in brain function and mood regulation. 

Emerging populations encounter numerous nutritional challenges that can impede their health and well-being. According to Jones and Shrinivas (2019), as globalization and urbanization continue to progress, there is frequently a shift away from customary, locally acquired food choices towards processed and fast-food alternatives. This shift leads to an increased intake of foods that are high in added sugars and unhealthy fats, while lacking in essential nutrients. Furthermore, socioeconomic factors and limited access to nutritious foods exacerbate these challenges, underscoring the need for targeted interventions, educational initiatives on healthy eating habits, and policies promoting the availability and affordability of nourishing food choices.

Nutritional deficiencies and excesses play significant roles in the development of diseases. As per Lichtman (2019), deficiencies in essential nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, and proteins, result in a range of health issues, including compromised immune function, stunted growth, anemia, and impaired cognitive development. For instance, inadequate iron intake can result in iron-deficiency anemia, characterized by symptoms such as fatigue, reduced work capacity, and impaired cognitive function. Similarly, insufficient intake of vitamin D can cause skeletal disorders such as rickets. On the other hand, excessive consumption of certain nutrients can contribute to the onset of chronic diseases. High sodium intake has been associated with hypertension and cardiovascular disease, while overconsumption of added sugars and unhealthy fats is linked to obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular problems. To mitigate both problems, maintaining a balanced and diverse diet would be essential. Consequently, that would help reduce the risk of various diseases.

Reference:

Jones, A. D., & Shrinivas, A. (2019). Food systems and diets: Facing the challenges of the 21st century. Global Food Security, 20, 1-6. doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2019.01.001

Lichtman, S. W. (2019). Macronutrient deficiencies and excesses. In A. C. Guyton & J. E. Hall (Eds.), Textbook of Medical Physiology (14th ed., pp. xxx-xxx). Saunders.

World Health Organization. (2020). Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241545903

Description of the Ethnic Minority & Current Health Status

The Hispanic population comprises of individuals that have ancestry or origin in Cuba, Mexico, South and Central America, Puerto Rico and other Spanish cultures and background. The Census Bureau estimates that there are close to 60 million Hispanic or Latino people in the country. Imperatively, Hispanic is the largest racial minority group in the country as it constitutes about 19% of the general population. Again, it is projected that by 2060, Hispanics living in the U.S. will account for about 28.6% of the total population (Census Bureau, 2019). The Latino population is concentrated in ten states with most of them having over one million people of this minority group. These ten states include California, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Georgia, Florida, Illinois, Texas, New Jersey and New York. Hispanics have a rich cultural background in food and value family life and are fluent Spanish speakers (HHS, 2020). Their cultural practices are heavily influenced by the Spanish culture.

Health Status

The health status of th