NURS 8100 WK 6 Discussion: Individual Right Versus the Collective Good

A Sample Answer For the Assignment: NURS 8100 WK 6 Discussion: Individual Right Versus the Collective Good

Patient acuity is rising while registered nurses (RNs) at the bedside are dwindling. The State of Texas nursing shortage is at an average of 11.06% of its registered nurse slots unfilled (Wieck, Oehler, Green, & Jordan, 2004). American Nurses Association (ANA) Principles for Nurse Staffing (1999) served as a framework for policy change. Nurse strategists undertook the challenge with the overall intent to provide excellent patient care.

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Addressing the nursing shortage issues in health care institutions is both challenging and controversial. Suppose a patient’s prolonged hospitalization period can cost the hospital financial strains. Hospitals are businesses; the median length of stay was six days, the median total cost was $11,267, and the median cost per day was $1,772 (Study: Covid-19 hospitalization costs, outcomes in 2020 improved over time, 2022). Nevertheless, at what cost will it have on nurses’ rights?

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For example, a nurse will work overtime hours to help the hospital organization but is at risk of committing a medical error that can lead to legal consequences. Mandatory overtime laws prohibit healthcare facilities from requiring employees to work more than their regularly scheduled hours except during a health care disaster that increases the need for health care personnel unexpectedly (Bae & Brewer, 2010). On the other hand, hospitals are still experiencing staffing shortages to care for their patients.

Reference

Bae, S.-H., & Brewer, C. (2010). Mandatory Overtime Regulations and Nurse Overtime. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 11(2), 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527154410382300

Bodenheimer, T., & Grumbach, K. (2009). Understanding Health Policy : A Clinical Approach: Vol. 5th ed. McGraw-Hill Professional.

Moghri, J., Kokabisaghi, F., & Tabatabaee, S. S. (2021). Nurse staffing norms in a hospital: Determining a golden standard using a new estimation method. International Journal of Healthcare Management, 14(4), 1367–1372. https://doi.org/10.1080/20479700.2020.1760586

Study: Covid-19 hospitalization costs, outcomes in 2020 improved over time. Texas A&M Today. (2022, January 3). Retrieved April 4, 2022, from https://today.tamu.edu/2022/01/03/study-covid-19-hospitalization-costs-outcomes-in-2020-improved-over-time/

Wieck, K. L., Oehler, T., Green, A., & Jordan, C. (2004). Safe Nurse Staffing: A Win-Win Collaboration Model for Influencing Health Policy. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 5(3), 160–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527154404266578

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Covid-19 vaccine mandate for health care workers gained a lot of publicity towards the end of last year. It was very important to have a policy that would guide health care workers due to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy that was rampant in all population sectors for different reasons.

nurs 8100 wk 6 discussion individual right versus the collective good — NURS 8100 WK 6 Discussion Individual Right Versus the Collective Good

A regulation was established to ensure all staff who were eligible to receive a COVID-19 vaccine would do so by January of this year before providing any care or treatment (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2021). It was the responsibility of companies especially skilled long-term care facilities to establish a policy that would ensure those who qualified to be exempted did so in alignment of the guidelines established by the federal laws.

Tension between Individual Rights and the Collective Good.

In the health care world, herd immunity has been promoted especially in community nursing. It is very important because with herd immunity not everybody but the majority of the people can receive vaccination that leads to immunity of a disease. This makes infection transmission to be unlikely leading to the entire population being protected. This would cover even those who are not eligible for vaccinations. It is therefore important for bedside staff to be vaccinated.

However according to Farah, Breeher, Shah, Hainy, Tommaso & Swift (2022), there are major disparities in actual vaccination rates among different health care workers (HCWs). Advanced practice staff who spend the least amount of time with patients have statistically received the vaccines than nurses and support staff.

The probability of an infected support staff spreading COVID-19 would likely be higher because the close proximity of proving care with activities of daily living like showers may not be completed with full personal protective equipment (PPE) in place.

There are HCWs who are hesitant to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Bellanti (2021), refers a delay in acceptance or outright refusal of vaccines as vaccine hesitancy. Those staff members who decline to receive the vaccine even when they are eligible to get it cannot work in some hospitals or nursing homes. This creates a further challenge with staff shortage already being a major concern.

It is an undeniable fact that every person has a right to choose what goes in their body but it would not be wise to put people at risk if it was avoidable. To decline to get a vaccine because of misinformation, fallacies, or myths is unfortunate. This is relevant to the COVID-19 vaccine.

Ethical and Legal Considerations of the Policy.

There are different factors that surround the mandate for COVID-19 vaccination policy among HCWs. Perez, Paul, Raghuraman, Carter, Odibo, Kelly & Foeller (2022), point out the nature of HCWs make them have a high occupational risk for contracting and transmitting the COVID-19 infection after exposure. Legally and ethically it would therefore be fair to give them a priority to receive the vaccines first.

Getting to a point of herd immunity would also be critical. This is not achievable if the vaccine is not accessible on a global level. According to Hosseini (2021), one of challenges of COVID-19 vaccine is whether the manufactures of the vaccine can be forced to share information with competitors so that availability of the vaccine across the globe can be reached quickly. It would be ethically meaningful to look at infectious diseases as public rights instead of individual needs.

Education is key to knowledge. It is important to acknowledge vaccinations have been an important tool that has been used to contain some dangerous diseases in the past. According to Gurenlian, Eldridge, Estrich, Battrell, Lynch, Morrissey, Araujo, Vujicic & Mikkelsen (2022), it would be for the greater good to further educate HCWs on topics like virology and epidemiology.

Reference

Bellanti, J. A. (2021). COVID-19 vaccines and vaccine hesitancy: Role of the allergist/immunologist in promotion of vaccine acceptance. Allergy and Asthma Proceedings, 42(5), 386–394. https://doi.org/10.2500/aap.2021.42.210063

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (November, 2021). Biden-Harris Administration Issues Emergency Regulation Requiring COVID-19 Vaccination for Health Care Workers.https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/press-releases/biden-harris-administration-issues-emergency-regulation-requiring-covid-19-vaccination-health-care#:~:text=All%20eligible%20staff%20must%20have,beliefs%2C%20observances%2C%20or%20practices.

Farah, W., Breeher, L., Shah, V., Hainy, C., Tommaso, C. P., & Swift, M. D. (2022). Disparities in COVID-19 vaccine uptake among health care workers. Vaccine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.03.045

Gurenlian, J. R., Eldridge, L. A., Estrich, C. G., Battrell, A., Lynch, A., Morrissey, R. W., Araujo, M. W. B., Vujicic, M., & Mikkelsen, M. (2022). COVID-19 Vaccine Intention and Hesitancy of Dental Hygienists in the United States. Journal of Dental Hygiene, 96(1), 5–16.

Hosseini, M.(2021). A Covid Competition Dilemma: Legal and Ethical Challenges Regarding the Covid-19 Vaccine Policies during and after the Crisis. Public Governance, Administration and Finances Law Review, 6(1), 51–63. https://doi.org/10.53116/pgaflr.2021.1.5

Perez, M. J., Paul, R., Raghuraman, N., Carter, E. B., Odibo, A. O., Kelly, J. C., & Foeller, M. E. (2022). Characterizing initial COVID-19 vaccine attitudes among pregnancy-capable healthcare workers. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2021.100557

NURS 8100 WK 6 Discussion Individual Right Versus the Collective Good

NURS 8100 WK 6 Discussion: Individual Right Versus the Collective Good

The California Staffing Ratio Law is one example of addressing nurse staffing and the resulting problems. Nurse-to-patient ratios (NPR) have a direct relationship with the number of RNs. According to Moghri, Kokabisaghi, and Tabatabaee’s (2021) studies on NPR, a high ratio affects treatment quality, increases adverse events, and lengthens the patient’s hospitalization period. It is a prime example of the conflict that has a significant impact on nurses’ individual rights as well as the collective good. Addressing nursing shortage issues in health care institutions is both difficult and contentious. Assume that a patient’s prolonged hospitalization costs the hospital money. Hospitals are businesses; the average length of stay was six days, the average total cost was $11,267, and the average daily cost was $1,772.

Nurses are sworn to uphold a set of ethics, including Beneficence and Nonmaleficence. While health care providers are obligated to assist those in need, we must also avoid causing harm (Bodenheimer & Grumbach, 2009). Nurses are overworked and unable to provide adequate care for their patients, so they consider leaving their positions. The conflict between ethical and legal considerations puts nurses in a bind. For example, a nurse may work extra hours to assist the hospital organization but may make a medical error that may result in legal ramifications. Mandatory overtime laws prohibit healthcare facilities from requiring employees to work more than their regularly scheduled hours, except in the event of a health care disaster that unexpectedly increases the need for health care personnel (Bae & Brewer, 2010).

Reference

Bae, S.-H., & Brewer, C. (2010). Mandatory Overtime Regulations and Nurse Overtime. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 11(2), 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527154410382300

Bodenheimer, T., & Grumbach, K. (2009). Understanding Health Policy : A Clinical Approach: Vol. 5th ed. McGraw-Hill Professional.

Most of the recent successes in improving the public’4 s health have had to address the tension of individual rights versus the collective good. Anti-smoking campaigns and laws banning smoking in public places protect people from the negative health effects of second-hand smoke, yet some believe that they infringe on the individual rights of those who choose to smoke. Requiring childhood immunizations has helped prevent diseases such as polio and measles, but some parents assert that they have the right to decide if being immunized is in the best interest of their children.

This tension also exists in the allocation of scarce resources, from providing adequate staff coverage to making decisions about the amount of health care to provide. Given the nurse’s involvement in policy and health care delivery, it is important to understand the dynamics of this tension, as well as the legal and ethical implications.

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An example to address nurse staffing and the ensuing problems is the California Staffing Ratio Law. Nurse-to-patient ratios (NPR) are a direct association between errors and the number of RNs. Moghri, Kokabisaghi, & Tabatabaee’s (2021) studies on NPR show that a high ratio affects the quality of treatment, increases adverse events, and raises the patient’s hospitalization period. It is a perfect example of the tension that significantly affects nurses’ individual rights and the collective good. Addressing the nursing shortage issues in health care institutions is both challenging and controversial. Suppose a patient’s prolonged hospitalization period can cost the hospital financial strains. Hospitals are businesses; the median length of stay was six days, the median total cost was $11,267, and the median cost per day was $1,772 (Study: Covid-19 hospitalization costs, outcomes in 2020 improved over time, 2022). Nevertheless, at what cost will it have on nurses’ rights?

Nurses are sworn to follow a set of ethics such as Beneficence & Nonmaleficence. While health care providers are obligated to help people in need, we must do not harm (Bodenheimer & Grumbach, 2009). Nurses are overworked and unable to provide good care for their patients and consequently consider leaving their jobs. The tension between ethical and legal consideration leave nurses in a dilemma. For example, a nurse will work overtime hours to help the hospital organization but is at risk of committing a medical error that can lead to legal consequences. Mandatory overtime laws prohibit healthcare facilities from requiring employees to work more than their regularly scheduled hours except during a health care disaster that increases the need for health care personnel unexpectedly (Bae & Brewer, 2010). On the other hand, hospitals are still experiencing staffing shortages to care for their patients.

Reference

Bae, S.-H., & Brewer, C. (2010). Mandatory Overtime Regulations and Nurse Overtime. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 11(2), 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527154410382300

Bodenheimer, T., & Grumbach, K. (2009). Understanding Health Policy : A Clinical Approach: Vol. 5th ed. McGraw-Hill Professional.

Thanks for the insightful discussion. From your discussion, I have learned that with herd immunity not everybody but the majority of the people can receive vaccination that leads to immunity of a disease. If enough people are vaccinated, it can create a ‘herd immunity’ that protects even those who cannot be vaccinated for medical reasons or because they are too young (Giubilini et al., 2018). For example, measles is highly contagious and can easily spread in a population that is not immune. But if most people in the population are vaccinated against measles, then the disease cannot spread as easily. That is because when there are enough people who are vaccinated, it becomes very difficult for the disease to find new hosts (people to infect). So even those who can’t be vaccinated (such as newborns) benefit from herd immunity. The decision about whether or not to get vaccinated for COVID-19 will be based on an individual’s specific risk factors and health history (Farah et al., 2022). However, most healthcare workers should consider getting vaccinated, as they are more likely than the general population to come into contact with people who are infected with the virus. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that all healthcare workers receive the vaccine for both seasonal flu and H1N1 (swine flu), as these viruses are similar to COVID-19 (Randolph & Barreiro, 2020). In addition, those who work in healthcare facilities should routinely practice good hand hygiene and respiratory etiquette to help prevent the spread of infection.

References

Randolph, H. E., & Barreiro, L. B. (2020). Herd immunity: understanding COVID-19. Immunity, 52(5), 737-741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.012

Giubilini, A., Douglas, T., & Savulescu, J. (2018). The moral obligation to be vaccinated: utilitarianism, contractualism, and collective easy rescue. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 21(4), 547-560. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11019-018-9829-y

To prepare:

When have you encountered a tension between the individual right and the collective good in your nursing practice?
With information from the Learning Resources in mind, consider relatively recent examples of health care policy that demonstrate this tension. For this Discussion, select one example of timely health care policy that allows you to evaluate the tension between individual rights and the collective good. Conduct additional research as necessary using credible websites and the Walden Library.

By Day 3

Post a cohesive response that addresses the following:

In the first line of your posting, identify a health care policy.
Explain the tension between individual rights and the collective good.
Analyze the ethical and legal considerations of the policy.

Read a selection of your colleagues’ postings.

By Day 6

Respond to at least two of your colleagues posting adding to the discussion of the tension and legal and ethical considerations (beneficence, malfeasance, autonomy, and justice).

Note: Please see the Syllabus and Discussion Rubric for formal Discussion question posting and response evaluation criteria.

Return to this Discussion in a few days to read the responses to your initial posting. Note what you learned and/or any insights you gained as a result of the comments made by your colleagues.

Be sure to support your work with specific citations from this week’s Learning Resources and any additional sources.

Submission and Grading Information

Grading Criteria

To access your rubric:

Week 6 Discussion Rubric

Post by Day 3 and Respond by Day 6

To participate in this Discussion:

Week 6 Discussion

Important information for writing discussion questions and participation

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NURS 8100 WK 6 Discussion: Individual Right Versus the Collective Good

A Sample Answer For the Assignment: NURS 8100 WK 6 Discussion: Individual Right Versus the Collective Good